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 Aortic Regurgitation的signs：

1. Austin Flint murmur: a soft, low pitched, rumbling mid-diastolic murmur. It appears when regurgitant jet from the severe aortic insufficiency renders partial closure of the anterior mitral leaflet.

2. Corrigan’s pulse: A rapid rising “water-hammer” pulse, which collapses suddenly as arterial pressure falls rapidly during late systole and diastole. Low diastolic and increasing pulse pressure.

3. Quincke’s pulse: capillary pulsations, an alternate flushing and paling of the skin at the root of the nail while pressure is applied to the tip of the nail.

4. Traube’s sign: A booming “pistol-shot” sound can be heard over the femoral arteries.

5. Duroziez’s sign: to and fro murmur audible over femoral artery on light compression by stethoscope.

6. de Musset's sign: head bobbing in time with the heart beat.

7. Muller’s sign: visible pulsation of uvula.

8. Hill’s sign: popliteal cuff pressure exceeding brachial pressure by 60 mmHg or greater.

9. Becker's sign: Visible pulsations of the retinal arteries and pupils.

10. Mayne's sign: More than a 15 mmHg decrease in diastolic blood pressure with arm elevation from the value obtained with the arm in the standard position.

11. Rosenbach's sign: Systolic pulsations of the liver.

12. Gerhard's sign: Systolic pulsations of the spleen.